System for expression of genes in plants

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides trans-complementation systems for expressing gene products in plants. In general, the invention provides systems including a carrier vector and a producer vector, both based on plant viruses. The producer vector is defective for at least one function needed for successful systemic infection of a plant, e.g., replication, cell-to-cell movement, or long distance movement. The carrier vector supplies the missing function in trans. Certain producer vectors lack a functional coat protein coding sequence, in which case the corresponding producer vector supplies coat protein in trans. The invention also provides novel plant viral vectors and methods of use, e.g., to produce polypeptides or active RNAs in plants.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 60/444,615, filed Feb. 3, 2003, which is incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In recent years, plants have been increasingly used as a host system forthe expression of recombinant proteins. Such expression can beaccomplished either by integrating the gene of interest into a plantgenome, to create a transgenic plant that stably expresses the desiredprotein, or by introducing the gene of interest into a plant vector thatcan be introduced into, and transiently maintained in, plant cells.Viral vector systems have proven to be particularly useful.

However, there remains a need for developing improved systems forexpressing transgenes in plants. For example, one disadvantage withexisting viral vector systems is that the viruses may infect non-targetplants, potentially posing significant environmental risks. Also, manyavailable engineered plant viruses do not express transgenes at desiredlevels, and/or in desired target plants or tissues. The presentinvention addresses many of these problems, and others.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention encompasses the recognition that there is a needto develop expression systems for plants that present only a minimalrisk of environmental contamination. The invention provides methods andreagents for expression of polynucleotide and polypeptide products inplants with a reduced risk of widespread contamination.

For example, in one aspect, the invention provides sets of viralexpression vectors, each of which is incapable of establishing asystemic infection on its own, but which together allow for systemicinfection. Cross-complementation (also referred to astrans-complementation) by the vectors allows an initial local infection(e.g., established by inoculation) to move into uninoculated leaves andestablish a systemic infection.

In specific embodiments, the invention provides a system including aproducer vector that includes a polynucleotide of interest but lacksfunctional versions of one or more genes necessary for long-distancemovement, together with a carrier vector that provides a functional longdistance movement protein coding sequence. For example, the inventionprovides a system for expressing a polynucleotide of interest in a plantcell or whole plant, comprising: (i) a carrier vector that includes acoat protein encoding component from a first plant virus; and (ii) aproducer vector that includes a polynucleotide of interest, and furtherincludes at least one component from a second plant virus, but lacks afunctional coat protein gene. The invention further provides a systemfor expressing a polynucleotide of interest in a plant cell or wholeplant, comprising: (i) a carrier vector that includes a movement proteinencoding component from a first plant virus; and (ii) a producer vectorthat includes a polynucleotide of interest, and further includes atleast one component from a second plant virus, but lacks a functionalmovement protein gene.

In certain embodiments of the invention the carrier vector is defectivefor replication. For instance, the producer vector may include areplicase gene (e.g., an RNA polymerase gene) and a movement proteingene (so that the vector is competent for cell-to-cell movement), butmay lack a coat protein gene (so that the vector is not competent forlong-distance (systemic) movement). The carrier vector may include acoat protein gene (so that the vector is competent for long-distancemovement), but may lack a replicase gene (so that the vector is unableto self-replicate). Alternatively, the carrier vector might include areplicase gene (so that the vector is replication competent), and mightbe used with a producer vector that lacks both replication andlong-distance movement capability. Preferred vectors are viral vectors.

The invention further provides a variety of vectors that can be used ascompoments of the inventive system(s) or for other purposes. Forexample, the invention provides a vector comprising: (a) one or morecomponents from a first plant virus; and (b) a partial or complete 3′untranslated region from an RNA of a second plant virus. In certainembodiments of the invention the 3′ untranslated region facilitatessystemic spread of the virus. The 3′ untranslated region may comprise arecognition site for complex formation with coat protein.

In other aspects, the invention also provides a variety of methods forexpressing polynucleotides in plants, e.g., using the inventive vectorsand systems described herein.

One advantage of the inventive system for expressing polynucleotides inplants is that it reduces or eliminates the risk that vectors,particularly recombinant vectors comprising the polynucleotide(s) to beexpressed, will spread to non-target plants, thereby significantlyimproving the environmental safety of gene expression in plants andallowing more flexibility in the cultivation of recipient plants.

Another advantage associated with the present invention is that itallows the researcher to design a plant expression system with qualitiesof more than one plant virus. For instance, in certain embodiments ofthe invention the producer vector desirably has the polynucleotide ofinterest positioned such that its expression is controlled by the coatprotein (“CP”) promoter. In many cases, therefore, it will be desirableto base the producer vector on a viral system with a strong CP promoter.However, viruses with strong CP promoters sometimes have limited hostspecificity, e.g., they may be unable to replicate and/or accomplishcell-to-cell movement or systemic movement within certain host plants.It may be desirable, therefore, to base the carrier vector on a viralsystem with a broad host specificity, so that the high-expressingcharacteristic of the viral system from which the producer vector isderived may be exploited in a host that is ordinarily inaccessible tothat viral system.

This application refers to various patents, patent applications, andpublications. The contents of all of these are incorporated herein byreference. In addition, the following publications are incorporatedherein by reference: Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, CurrentProtocols in Immunology, Current Protocols in Protein Science, andCurrent Protocols in Cell Biology, all John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., editionas of July 2002; Sambrook, Russell, and Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual, 3^(rd) ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ColdSpring Harbor, 2001.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows representative examples of tobamovirus genomes.

FIG. 2 presents a schematic representation of certain families ofviruses that infect plants.

FIG. 3 shows a Western blot of protoplasts infected with in vitrotranscripts of Av/A4, an AlMV-based vector employed in certain studiesdescribed herein (Spitsin, S., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96(5):2549-2553, 1999). Samples were analyzed 24 hours post inoculation. C− isa negative control. The arrow indicates an AlMV CP band detected by AlMVCP-specific monoclonal antibodies.

FIG. 4 shows pepper plants and Nicotiana benthamiana plants infectedwith wild type AlMV.

FIG. 5 is a Western blot of N. benthamiana plants infected with in vitrotranscripts of Av/A4. Samples were analyzed 12 days post inoculation. C−is extract from healthy plants. The arrow points to AlMV CP bandsdetected by AlMV CP-specific monoclonal antibodies.

FIG. 6 presents a schematic diagram of the genomic organization of 125C(FIG. 6A) and D4 following insertion of a polynucleotide of interest(FIG. 6B). The 126/183 kDa protein is required for replication of thevirus. The MP is the movement protein that mediates cell-to-cellmovement. Arrows indicate positions of the subgenomic promoter. Theshaded region represents TMV coat protein sequences that contain a ciselement that may be required for optimal replication. The black boxrepresents a polynucleotide of interest, e.g., a foreign gene.

FIG. 7 shows a Western blot of protoplasts infected with in vitrosynthesized transcripts of 125C/hGH (125C as shown in FIG. 6A, in whichthe foreign gene encodes hGH). Samples were analyzed 24 hours postinoculation. 1 ug of purified hGH was loaded as a standard.

FIG. 8 is a Western blot showing detection of hGH in N. benthamianaplants 11 days post infection (dpi).

FIG. 9 presents schematics of various D4-related vectors. 126/183 kDaare the replicase proteins, MP is the movement protein required forcell-to-cell movement. Nucleotide numbers represent positions in thewild type TMV genome. C3GFP is the cycle3 mutant of green fluorescentprotein (GFP) (Crameri A, Whitehorn E A, Tate E, Stemmer W P, NatBiotechnol., 14(3): 315-9, 1996). The asterisk indicates mutated C3GFPin which the NcoI site and the XhoI sites in the ORF have beeneliminated by mutation using PCR. PstI-XhoI sites were used to introducesequences from AlMV RNA3 that include the origin of assembly (OAS).

FIG. 10 show pictures of infected plants, demonstrating that AlMVcomplements D4GFP, which does not have a functional coat protein codingsequence and is limited in systemic spread, and facilitates its movementthroughout the plant. FIG. 10 shows a picture of a plant that wasco-inoculated with SR27 (a TMV-based vector lacking CP coding sequenceand including a GFP transgene under control of the subgenomic CPpromoter) and AlMV. The image (taken under UV light) demonstrates spreadof virus into the upper un-inoculated leaves. FIG. 10 (taken under UVlight) shows a picture of a plant that was inoculated with SR27 only.Lack of fluorescence in the upper leaves indicates that virus infectionwas limited to locally inoculated leaves. FIG. 10 shows the same plantas in FIG. 10, under normal light.

DEFINITIONS

Gene: For the purposes of the present invention, the term gene has itsmeaning as understood in the art. In general, a gene is taken to includegene regulatory sequences (e.g., promoters, enhancers, etc.) and/orintron sequences, in addition to coding sequences (open reading frames).It will further be appreciated that the definition of gene can includenucleic acids that do not encode proteins but rather provide templatesfor transcription of functional RNA molecules such as tRNAs, rRNAs, etc.For the purpose of clarity we note that, as used in the presentapplication, the term “gene” generally refers to a nucleic acid thatincludes a portion that encodes a protein; the term may optionallyencompass regulatory sequences such as promoters, enhancers,terminators, etc. This definition is not intended to exclude applicationof the term “gene” to non-protein coding expression units but rather toclarify that, in most cases, the term as used in this document refers toa protein coding nucleic acid.

Gene product or expression product: A gene product or expression productis, in general, an RNA transcribed from the gene or a polypeptideencoded by an RNA transcribed from the gene. Expression of a gene or apolynucleotide refers to (i) transcription of RNA from the gene orpolynucleotide; (ii) translation of RNA transcribed from the gene orpolynucleotide, or both (i) and (ii).

Isolated: As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to a compound orentity that is 1) separated from at least some of the components withwhich it is normally associated (e.g., purified); 2) synthesized invitro; and/or 3) produced or prepared by a process that involves thehand of man.

Naturally: The term “naturally” or “naturally-occurring”, as usedherein, refers to processes, events, or things that occur in theirrelevant form in nature. By contrast, “not-naturally-occurring” refersto processes, events, or things whose existence or form involves thehand of man.

Operably linked: As used herein, operably linked refers to arelationship between two nucleic acid sequences wherein the expressionof one of the nucleic acid sequences is controlled by, regulated by,modulated by, etc., the other nucleic acid sequence. For example, thetranscription of a nucleic acid sequence is directed by an operablylinked promoter sequence; post-transcriptional processing of a nucleicacid is directed by an operably linked processing sequence; thetranslation of a nucleic acid sequence is directed by an operably linkedtranslational regulatory sequence; the transport or localization of anucleic acid or polypeptide is directed by an operably linked transportor localization sequence; and the post-translational processing of apolypeptide is directed by an operably linked processing sequence.Preferably a nucleic acid sequence that is operably linked to a secondnucleic acid sequence is covalently linked, either directly orindirectly, to such a sequence, although any effective three-dimensionalassociation is acceptable. It is noted that a single nucleic acidsequence can be operably linked to multiple other sequences. Forexample, a single promoter can direct transcription of multiple RNAspecies.

Polynucleotide of interest: As used herein, the term “polynucleotide ofinterest” refers to any target sequence to be expressed in plant cells,as described herein. In many embodiments, the polynucleotide of interestwill be a protein-coding polynucleotide but may also be a sequence thatprovides a template for transcription of a structural RNA or an activeRNA such as a ribozyme, interfering RNA, etc. Often, the polynucleotidewill be a gene that is not expressed in nature in the relevant type ofplant cell, or is not expressed at the level that the polynucleotide isexpressed when expression is achieved by intervention of the hand ofman, as described herein. In certain embodiments of the invention, thepolynucleotide comprises gene sequences that are not naturally found inthe relevant plant cell at all; often including gene sequences that arenaturally found in other cell types or organisms. Alternatively oradditionally, a polynucleotide of interest is one that is not naturallyassociated with the vector sequences with which it is associatedaccording to the present invention. The word polynucleotide is usedinterchangeably with “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid molecule” herein.

Self-replicate: As used herein, “self-replicate” refers to the abilityof a vector to copy itself inside a host cell. A vector that can“self-replicate” carries sufficient information in its own geneticelements that it does not rely on other genetic elements for itsreplication. In general, a vector that can self-replicate is one thatincludes at least one replicase gene such as an RNA polymerase andpossibly additional replicase genes such as a helicase,methyltransferase, etc. In certain instances additional sequences,present in cis (i.e., as part of the vector sequence) are required orcan facilitate self-replication.

Vector: “Vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable oftransporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked and caninclude a plasmid, cosmid or viral vector. The vector may be capable ofautonomous replication. Alternatively or additionally, a vector mayprovide one or more components necessary or sufficient forself-replication, or for replication or integration of another piece ofnucleic acid. Vectors are typically nucleic acids, and may comprise DNAand/or RNA. Preferred vectors are maintained extrachromosomally.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Inventive Vectors

As noted above, the present invention provides systems for expressing apolynucleotide or polynucleotides of interest in plants. In preferredembodiments, these systems include one or more viral vector components.A wide variety of viruses are known that infect various plant species,and can be employed for polynucleotide expression according to thepresent invention. FIG. 2 presents a schematic representation of certainfamilies of viruses that infect plants. Appendix A provides arepresentative list of plant virus families, based on the type ofnucleic acid (e.g., dsDNA, ssDNA, ssRNA, dsRNA, or unassigned) thatmakes up the viral genome. Additional information can be found, forexample, in The Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses, Sixth Reportof the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses” (Ed. Murphy etal.), Springer Verlag: New York, 1995, the entire contents of which areincorporated herein by reference (see also, Grierson et al., PlantMolecular Biology, Blackie, London, pp. 126-146, 1984; Gluzman et al.,Communications in Molecular Biology: Viral Vectors, Cold Spring HarborLaboratory, NY, pp. 172-189, 1988; Mathew, Plant Viruses Online.

In order to enter and infect a plant cell, plant viruses need to crossthe cell wall, in addition to protective layers of waxes and pectins.Most or all plant viruses are thought to rely on mechanical breach ofthe cell wall, rather than on cell-wall-surface receptors, to enter acell. Such a breach can be caused, for example, by physical damage tothe cell, by an organism such as a bacterium, a fungus, a nematode, aninsect, or a mite that can deliver the virus. In the laboratory, virusesare typically administered to plant cells simply by rubbing the virus onthe plant.

Some plant viruses have segmented genomes, in which two or morephysically separate pieces of nucleic acid together make up the plantgenome. In some cases, these separate pieces are packaged together inthe same viral capsid; in others (i.e., those with multipartitegenomes), each genome segment is packaged into its own viral particle.Infection can typically be accomplished by delivery either of plantviral nucleic acid (e.g., RNA) or capsid.

Once the virus has entered (infected) a cell, it typically replicateswithin the infected cell and then spreads locally (i.e., from cell tocell within leaves that were infected initially). Following localspread, the virus may move into uninfected leaves, e.g., upper leaves ofthe plant, which is referred to as systemic infection or systemicspread. In general, cell-to-cell spread of many plant viruses requires afunctional movement protein while systemic spread requires a functionalcoat protein (and, generally, also a functional movement protein). Inaddition to functional movement and coat protein encoding components,viruses may contain additional components that are either required forlocal or systemic spread or facilitate such spread. These cis-actingcomponents may be either coding or noncoding components. For example,they may correspond to portions of a 3′ untranslated region (UTR, alsoreferred to as NTR) of a viral transcript (i.e., they may provide atemplate for transcription of a 3′ untranslated region of a viraltranscript). Thus important viral components for infection can be eithercoding or noncoding regions of a viral genome. By “functional proteinencoding component” is meant a polynucleotide comprising a codingportion that encodes a functionally active protein, operably linked tosufficient regulatory elements such as a promoter, so that expression isachieved.

In order to successfully establish either a local (intraleaf) orsystemic infection a virus must be able to replicate. Many virusescontain genes encoding one or more proteins that participate in thereplication process (referred to herein as replication proteins orreplicase proteins). For example, many RNA plant viruses encode an RNApolymerase. Additional proteins may also be required, e.g., helicase ormethyltransferase protein(s). The viral genome may contain varioussequence components in addition to functional genes encoding replicationproteins, which are also required for or facilitate replication.

Any virus that infects plants may be used to prepare a viral vector orvector system in accordance with the present invention. Particularlypreferred viruses are ssRNA viruses, most desirably with a (+)-strandedgenome. Techniques and reagents for manipulating the genetic materialpresent in such viruses are well known in the art. Typically, forexample, a DNA copy of the viral genome is prepared and cloned into amicrobial vector, particularly a bacterial vector. Certain ssDNAviruses, including particularly geminiviruses, are also particularlypreferred. It will be appreciated that in general the vectors and viralgenomes of the invention may exist in RNA or DNA form. In addition,where reference is made to a feature such as a genome or portion thereofof an RNA virus, which is present within a DNA vector, it is to beunderstood that the feature is present as the DNA copy of the RNA form.

Viruses of a number of different types may be used in accordance withthe invention. Preferred viruses include members of the Bromoviridae(e.g., bromoviruses, alfamoviruses, ilarviruses) and Tobamoviridae.Certain preferred virus species include, for example, Alfalfa MosaicVirus (AlMV), Apple Chlorotic Leaf Spot Virus, Apple Stem GroovingVirus, Barley Stripe Mosiac Virus, Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus, BeetYellow Virus, Broad Bean Mottle Virus, Broad Bean Wilt Virus, BromeMosaic Virus (BMV), Carnation Latent Virus, Carnation Mottle Virus,Carnation Ringspot Virus, Carrot Mottle Virus, Cassaya Latent Virus(CLV), Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus, Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV),Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus, Cucumber Mosaic Virus, LettuceInfectious Yellow Virus, Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus, Maize Rayado FinoVirus, Maize Streak Virus (MSV), Parsnip Yellow Fleck Virus, Pea EnationMosaic Virus, Potato Virus X, Potato Virus Y, Raspberry Bushy DwarfVirus, Rice Necrosis Virus (RNV), Rice Stripe Virus, Rice TungroSpherical Virus, Ryegrass Mosaic Virus, Soil-borne Wheat Mosaic Virus,Southern Bean Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV), Tobacco MosaicVirus (TMV), Tobacco Necrosis Virus, Tobacco Rattle Virus, Tobacco RingSpot Virus, Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus, Tomato Golden Mosaic Virus (TGMV),and Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus (TYMV).

Elements of these plant viruses are genetically engineered according toknown techniques (see, for example, (see, for example, Sambrook et al.,Molecular Cloning, 2^(nd) Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, NY, 1989;Clover et al., Molecular Cloning, IRL Press, Oxford, 1985; Dason et al.,Virology, 172:285-292, 1989; Takamatsu et al., EMBO J. 6:307-311, 1987;French et al., Science 231: 1294-1297, 1986; Takamatsu et al., FEBSLett. 269:73-76, 1990; Yusibov and Loesch-Fries, Virology, 208(1):405-7, 1995. Spitsin et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96(5): 2549-53,1999, etc.) to generate viral vectors for use in accordance with thepresent invention. According to the present invention, at least twovectors are employed, one or both of which are incapable of systemicinfection, but which together provide all functions needed to supportsystemic infection of at least one of the vectors and allow expressionof a polynucleotide of interest throughout the plant. Thus the inventionprovides the recognition that viral components can complement each otherin trans, to provide systemic infection capability.

In particular, according to the invention, a producer vector isprepared. This vector includes a polynucleotide of interest undercontrol of regulatory sequences that direct expression in the relevantplant host. In preferred embodiments, the polynucleotide is placed undercontrol of a viral promoter, for example the CP promoter. For instance,it will often be desirable to replace the natural viral CP gene with thepolynucletide of interest. The producer vector lacks one or morecomponents required for systemic movement. For example, in certainpreferred embodiments of the invention the producer vector does notcontain sequences sufficient for expression of functional CP (e.g., a CPgene), but may include a gene encoding a cell-to-cell movement protein.The producer vector may contain one or more sequence elements, e.g., anorigin of assembly, that may be required in cis to facilitate spread ofthe virus when present in cis. For example, the producer vector maycontain an origin of assembly that is needed for or facilitates activityof a CP, either from the same type of virus as the producer virus orfrom another virus. Such sequence elements may comprise a recognitionsite for a CP. In other embodiments of the invention the producer vectormay lack sequences sufficient for expression of functional MP and/orreplicase proteins. In these embodiments of the invention the producervector may or may not lack sequences sufficient for expression offunctional CP.

According to the invention, a carrier vector is also prepared. Thisvector complements the producer vector, i.e., it provides componentsneeded for systemic infection that are missing in the producer vector.For example, certain preferred carrier vectors include a functional coatprotein encoding component. These carrier vectors are suitable forcomplementing a producer vector that lacks a functional coat proteinencoding component. The carrier vector may lack at least one viralcomponent (e.g., a gene encoding a replicase or movement protein)required for successful systemic infection of a plant, provided thatsuch component is not also absent in the producer vector. The carriervector may include a polynucleotide of interest (which may be the sameas or different from the polynucleotide of interest in the producervector). In such cases it may be desirable to use a carrier vector thatis defective for systemic infection, e.g., because it lacks one or morenecessary cis-acting sequences, in order to minimize spread of therecombinant carrier vector to non-target plants.

The carrier vector may (but need not) include a cell-to-cell movementcomponent (e.g., a gene encoding a cell-to-cell movement protein or anoncoding component that is needed for cell-to-cell movement) and/or maylack one or more replicase protein encoding components. In thoseembodiments of the invention in which the carrier vector does notinclude a cell-to-cell movement component (e.g., a functional MPencoding portion), such a component should be included in the producervector.

A complete inventive vector set includes all components necessary forsuccessful systemic viral infection and expression of a polynucleotideof interest. The term “component” is intended to include both proteincoding sequences and non-coding sequences such as cis-acting sequences(e.g., promoters, origin of assembly, portions corresponding tountranslated regions in mRNA). Different vectors, or vector elements,may be derived from different plant viruses (see, for example, Examples1 and 4). In fact, as discussed herein, it will often be desirable toprepare inventive vectors from elements of different viruses in order totake advantage of different viral characteristics (e.g., host range,promoter activity level, virion dimensions, etc.).

In one particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, a producervector is provided that includes a polynucleotide of interest, areplicase gene, and a movement protein gene and lacks a functional coatprotein encoding component, and a carrier vector is provided thatexpresses a coat protein gene. For example, as described in more detailin the Examples, a producer vector may comprise a TMV-based vector inwhich the TMV CP coding sequence has been replaced by a polynucleotideof interest, under control of the TMV CP promoter. This producer vectoris unable to move systemically. A wild type AlMV vector can serve as thecarrier vector. The AlMV vector comprises a functional coat proteinencoding component. Co-infection with both producer and carrier vectorsallows the CP produced from the AlMV vector CP coding sequence tocomplement the TMV-based vector, resulting in systemic movement of theTMV-based vector and expression of the polynucleotide in leaves thatwere not initially infected. Alternately, an AlMV-based vector in whichone or more viral components other than those required for expression ofAlMV CP has been removed can be used (e.g., an AlMV-based vector lackingfunctional MP or replication protein coding components), provided thatfunctional CP coding sequences and an operably linked promoter arepresent. The CP can be from AlMV or from another virus.

In certain embodiments of the invention the CP allows for systemicmovement of the carrier vector, while in other embodiments a CP isselected that does not allow for systemic movement of the carrier vectorbut does allow for systemic movement of the producer vector. In thoseembodiments of the invention in which the carrier vector lacks one ormore of the viral components other than those required for expression ofAlMV CP, the producer vector may complement the carrier vector, i.e.,the producer vector may supply a component such as a functional MP orreplicase protein coding sequence that allows for cell-to-cell movementor replication, respectively, of the carrier vector (and, preferably,also the producer vector). It will be appreciated that where either theproducer or the carrier is lacking a replication protein encodingcomponent (e.g., a functional RNA polymerase coding component) and theother vector (carrier or producer, respectively) supplies the missingcomponent, it will often be desirable to insert a promoter (e.g., agenomic promoter) from the vector that supplies the functionalreplication component into the vector lacking the functional replicationprotein coding component in order to achieve effectivetrans-complementation of replication function.

Another example of a preferred inventive viral vector system includes aproducer vector in which a polynucleotide of interest is inserted intoan AlMV vector, replacing the native AlMV CP encoding component. Thepolynucleotide of interest is placed under control of the AlMV CPpromoter. This producer vector is incapable of systemic infection sinceit lacks CP but is able to replicate and move cell-to-cell within aninfected leaf. The system also includes a cauliflower mosaic virus(CMV)-based carrier vector in which an AlMV CP encoding portion, with orwithout the AlMV CP 3′ UTR is inserted into a CMV vector, replacing theCMV CP encoding component found in the genome of naturally occurringCMV. The AlMV CP encoding component is placed under control of the CMVCP promoter. This vector expresses AlMV CP. Co-infection with theproducer and carrier vectors allows CP expressed from the carrier vectorto trans-complement the producer vector's lack of functional CP encodingcomponents, allowing systemic movement of the producer vector. The AlMVCP also allows systemic movement of the carrier vector.

In certain embodiments of the invention it is desirable to insert aportion of coding or noncoding sequence from the carrier vector into theproducer vector, or vice versa. For example, certain sequences mayenhance replication or facilitate cell-to-cell or long distancemovement. In particular, certain sequences may serve as recognitionsites for formation of a complex between a viral transcript and a CP(e.g., an origin of assembly). In such a case, if systemic movement of afirst viral vector is to be achieved using CP provided in trans from asecond viral vector, it may be desirable to insert such sequences fromthe second viral vector that facilitate activity of the CP into thefirst viral vector. Such sequences may comprise, for example, part orall of a viral transcript 3′ UTR. As described in Example 4, in certainembodiments of the invention part or all of the RNA3 3′ UTR of AlMV isinserted into a different viral vector, e.g., a TMV-based vector.Including this component in the TMV-based vector facilitates the abilityto AlMV CP to trans-complement a TMV-based vector that lacks afunctional TMV CP encoding portion. It will be appreciated that thisgeneral principle may be applied to any viral vector system comprisingtrans-complementing vectors, e.g. trans-complementing producer andcarrier vector systems.

As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, so long asa vector set includes a producer vector that is incapable of systemicviral infection (i.e., lacking one or more functional replicationprotein, movement protein, or coat protein encoding components) and acarrier vector that provides the function(s) lacking in the producervector, that set is appropriate for use in accordance with the presentinvention. In certain embodiments of the invention no individual vectoris capable of systemic viral infection but, as a set, one or both of thevectors is competent for such infection and expression of thepolynucleotide of interest. Such a system offers a number of advantages.For example, it will be appreciated that if the producer vector infectsa plant in the absence of the carrier vector, no systemic infection willresult. This diminishes the risk that the polynucleotide of interestwill be expressed in unintended (non-target) plants, even of the samespecies as the target plant. In particular, if the carrier vector is notcompetent for replication or cell-to-cell movement (because it lacks acomponent required for replication or cell-to-cell movement) or if it isincompetent for systemic infection (e.g., because it lacks a cis-actingsequence such as an origin of assembly that is required for longdistance movement), the likelihood that both producer and carriervectors will co-infect an unintended plant host are greatly reduced.

Generally, in order to preserve viral function and also simply for easeof genetic manipulation, inventive vectors will be prepared by alteringan existing plant virus genome, for example by removing particular genesand/or by disrupting or substituting particular sequences so as toinactivate or replace them. In such circumstances, the inventive vectorswill show very high sequence identity with natural viral genomes. Ofcourse, completely novel vectors may also be prepared, for example, byseparately isolating individual desired genetic elements and linkingthem together, optionally with the inclusion of additional elements.Also, it should be noted that where a particular vector is said to lacka given gene, protein, or activity (e.g., the producer vector lacks acoat protein gene), it is sufficient if no such protein or activity isexpressed from the vector under conditions of infection, even though thevector may still carry the relevant coding sequence. In general,however, it is typically desirable to remove the relevant codingsequences from the vector.

Analogously, when an inventive vector is said to affirmatively express aparticular protein or activity, it is not necessary that the relevantgene be identical to the corresponding gene found in nature. Forinstance, it has been found that the coat protein can sometimes toleratesmall deletions (see, for example WO 00/46350, incorporated herein byreference). So long as the protein is functional, it may be used inaccordance with the present invention. Very high sequence identity withthe natural protein, however, is generally preferred. For instance,large deletions (e.g., greater than about 25 amino acids) shouldgenerally be avoided according to certain embodiments of the invention.Typically, viral proteins expressed in accordance with the presentinvention will show at least 50%, preferably 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%,91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity withthe corresponding natural viral protein. More particularly, theinventive viral protein should typically show 100% identity withcritical functional portions (typically of at least several amino acids,often of at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or more amino acids) of therelevant natural viral protein.

It is noted that in the case of many proteins a number of amino acidchanges can be made without significantly affecting the functionalactivity and/or various other properties of the protein such asstability, etc. In particular, many proteins tolerate conservative aminoacid changes, i.e., the substitution of an amino acid with a differentamino acid having similar properties (conservative substitution) at manypositions without significant reduction in activity. Conservative aminoacid substitution is well known in the art and represents one approachto obtaining a polypeptide having similar or substantially similarproperties to those of a given polypeptide while altering the amino acidsequence. In general, amino acids have been classified and divided intogroups according to (1) charge (positive, negative, or uncharged); (2)volume and polarity; (3) Grantham's physico-chemical distance; andcombinations of these. See, e.g., Zhang, J., J. Mol. Evol., 50: 56-68,2000; Grantham R., Science, 85: 862-864, 1974; Dagan, T., et al., Mol.Biol. Evol., 19(7), 1022-1025, 2002; Biochemistry, 4th Ed., Stryer, L.,et al., W. Freeman and Co., 1995; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,692. Forexample, amino acids may be divided into the following 6 categoriesbased on volume and polarity: special (C); neutral and small (A, G, P,S, T); polar and relatively small (N, D, Q, E), polar and relativelylarge (R, H, K), nonpolar and relatively small (I, L, M, V), andnonpolar and relatively large (F, W, Y). A conservative amino acidsubstitution may be defined as one that replaces one amino acid with anamino acid in the same group. Thus a variety of functionally equivalentproteins can be derived by making one or more conservative amino acidsubstitutions in a given viral protein.

Plants

Any plant susceptible to viral infection may be utilized in accordancewith the present invention. In general, it will often be desirable toutilize plants that are amenable to growth under defined conditions, forexample in a greenhouse and/or in aqueous systems. It may also bedesirable to select plants that are not typically consumed by humanbeings or domesticated animals and/or are not typically part of thehuman food chain, so that they may be grown outside without concern thatthe expressed polynucleotide may be undesirably ingested. In otherembodiments, however, it will be desirable to employ edible plants.

Often, certain desirable plant characteristics will be determined by theparticular polynucleotide to be expressed. To give but a few examples,when the polynucleotide encodes a protein to be produced in high yield(as will often be the case, for example, when therapeutic proteins areto be expressed), it will often be desirable to select plants withrelatively high biomass (e.g., tobacco, which has the additionaladvantages that it is highly susceptible to viral infection, has a shortgrowth period, and is not in the human food chain). Where thepolynucleotide encodes a protein whose full activity requires (or isinhibited by) a particular post-translational modification, the ability(or inability) of certain plant species to accomplish the relevantmodification (e.g., a particular glycosylation) may direct selection.

In certain preferred embodiments of the invention, crop plants, orcrop-related plants are utilized. In some particularly preferredembodiments, edible plants are utilized.

Preferred plants for use in accordance with the present inventioninclude Angiosperms, Bryophytes (e.g., Hepaticae, Musci, etc.),Pteridophytes (e.g., ferns, horsetails, lycopods), Gymnosperms (e.g.,conifers, cycase, Ginko, Gnetales), and Algae (e.g., Chlorophyceae,Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, Myxophyceae, Xanthophyceae, andEuglenophyceae). Particularly preferred are members of the familyLeguminosae (Fabaceae; e.g., pea, alfalfa, soybean); Gramineae (Poaceae;e.g., corn, wheat, rice); Solanaceae, particularly of the genusLycopersicon (e.g., tomato), Solanum (e.g., potato, eggplant), Capsium(e.e., pepper), or Nicotiana (e.g., tobacco); Umbelliferae, particularlyof the genus Daucus (e.g., carrot), Apium (e.g., celery), or Rutaceae(e.g., oranges); Compositae, particularly of the genus Lactuca (e.g.,lettuce); Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), particularly of the genus Brassicaor Sinapis. Particularly preferred Brassicaceae family members includeBrassica campestris, B. carinata, B. juncea, B. napus, B. nigra, B.oleraceae, B. tournifortii, Sinapis alba, and Raphanus sativus.

The inventive system may be employed to infect, and/or to express apolynucleotide in plants at any stage of development including, forexample, mature plants, seedlings, sprouts, and seeds. The system may beemployed to infect any part of a plant (e.g., roots, leaves, stems,etc.) In particularly preferred embodiments of the invention, the systemis used to infect sprouts. Generally, a plant is considered to be asprout when it is a seedling that does not require external nutrients orenergy in the form of light or heat beyond what is required to achievenormal germination temperatures. Often, a seedling that is less than twoweeks old, preferably less than 10 days old, is considered to be asprout.

Polynucleotides of Interest

The teachings of the present invention may be employed to deliver toand/or express in plant cells any polynucleotide of interest. Forexample, protein-coding polynucleotides may express enzymes, antibodies,hormones, cytokines, regulatory factors, structural proteins, or anyother protein or polypeptide of interest. Encoded proteins may benaturally-occurring proteins, or may be designed or engineered proteins,including for instance fusion proteins (e.g., fusion proteinsincorporating part or all of a plant virus protein such as MP or CP). Incertain embodiments of the invention the polynucleotide of interestcomprises a portion encoding a tag, e.g., a 6×-His tag, HA tag, Myc tag,FLAG tag, etc. Such tags may simplify the isolation and/or purificationof the protein. In certain embodiments of the invention the tag is acleavable tag, e.g., a tag cleavable by a protease such as thrombin, sothat the tag can readily be removed after purification, resulting in aprotein with wild type sequence.

In some instances, it may be desirable to utilize the inventive systemto express more than one polypeptide chain in the same host plant (e.g.,using two different producer vectors, inserting two differentpolynucleotides into one producer vector, or inserting onepolynucleotide into the producer vector and one into the carriervector), for example in order to produce a multimeric protein or tosimultaneously produce two different proteins).

For instance, in certain preferred embodiments of the invention, thepresent invention employs a polynucleotide that encodes atherapeutically active protein. Exemplary proteins that have beenapproved for therapeutic uses include, for example, insulin, humangrowth hormone, interferons, albumin, tPA, erythropoietin, interleukins,factor VIII, DNase, factor IX, PDGF, FSH, TNF receptor (soluble form),calcitonin, and a variety of immunoglobulins. Of course, the inventionis not limited to such approved proteins, but encompasses expression ofany polynucleotide(s), whether protein-coding or not, and particularlyencompasses expression of any polynucleotide encoding anytherapeutically active protein, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic inorigin, etc.

Generally, the pharmaceutical proteins of interest include, but are notlimited to, hormones (insulin, thyroid hormone, catecholamines,gonadotrophines, trophic hormones, prolactin, oxytocin, dopamine, bovinesomatotropin, leptins and the like), growth hormones (e.g., human grownhormone), growth factors (e.g., epidermal growth factor, nerve growthfactor, insulin-like growth factor and the like), growth factorreceptors, cytokines and immune system proteins (e.g., interleukins,colony stimulating factor (CSF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor(G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF),erythropoietin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interfersons, integrins,addressins, seletins, homing receptors, T cell receptors,immunoglobulins, soluble major histocompatibility complex antigens,immunologically active antigens such as bacterial, parasitic, or viralantigens or allergens), autoantigens, antibodies), enzymes (tissueplasminogen activator, streptokinase, cholesterol biosynthestic ordegradative, steriodogenic enzymes, kinases, phosphodiesterases,methylases, de-methylases, dehydrogenases, cellulases, proteases,lipases, phospholipases, aromatases, cytochromes, adenylate orguanylaste cyclases, neuramidases and the like), receptors (steroidhormone receptors, peptide receptors), binding proteins (sterpod bindingproteins, growth hormone or growth factor binding proteins and thelike), transcription and translation factors, oncoprotiens orproto-oncoprotiens (e.g., cell cycle proteins), muscle proteins (myosinor tropomyosin and the like), myeloproteins, neuroactive proteins, tumorgrowth suppressing proteins (angiostatin or endostatin, both of whichinhibit angiogenesis), anti-sepsis proteins (bectericidalpermeability-increasing protein), structural proteins (such as collagen,fibroin, fibrinogen, elastin, tubulin, actin, and myosin), bloodproteins (thrombin, serum albumin, Factor VII, Factor VIII, insulin,Factor IX, Factor X, tissue plasminogen activator, Protein C, vonWillebrand factor, antithrombin III, glucocerebrosidase, erythropoietingranulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) or modified Factor VIII,anticoagulants such as huridin) and the like.

In one particular example, the present invention may be utilized toproduce vaccine components. In general, it is desirable to include invaccines proteins, or portions of proteins, to which a human or animalimmune system is exposed when the human or animal is infected with apathogen, or suffering some other undesirable event (e.g., developmentof a tumor). Thus, proteins or polypeptides that may be formulated in avaccine include, for example, viral coat proteins, viral G proteins,microbial cell wall proteins, microbial toxin proteins, tumor-specificantigens, etc.

In other embodiments, the inventive system may be used to express apolynucleotide encoding an enzyme that synthesizes or modifies abiologically active agent. For instance, certain enzymes (e.g.,polyketide synthases, polypeptide synthetases, terpene synthases, etc.)synthesize small molecules with interesting biological activities,including therapeutic activities (e.g., antibiotic, anticancer,immunosuppressive activities, etc.). Also, a large number of enzymesthat modify protein or small molecule substrates (e.g., kinases,hydrolases, transferases, etc.) is known. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,500,644for additional proteins that can be desirably expressed in plants usingthe inventive systems described herein.

In other embodiments, the inventive system may be used to producediagnostic or research reagents including, for example, antibodies.

In yet other embodiments, the inventive system may be utilized toproduce nutritionally relevant proteins or other products. Nutritionallyrelevant proteins include, for example, proteins that are foundnaturally in foods consumed by humans or domesticated animals (e.g.,cats, dogs). Other examples include proteins having a balanced aminoacid composition, e.g., proteins having a composition such as those usedfor total parenteral nutrition (TPN), etc.

In still other embodiments, the inventive system may be utilized toexpress polynucleotides that do not necessarily encode proteins, forexample to produce active RNA species, e.g., ribozymes or interferingRNAs that silence gene expression (either long double-stranded RNAs orshort interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). In someembodiments, ribozymes or interfering RNAs may be produced that targetplant genes, so that an altered plant is created, for example that doesnot express a particular receptor for a plant pathogen, or a particularallergenic protein.

Introducing Vectors into Plants

In general, inventive viral vectors may be delivered to plants accordingto known techniques. For example, the vectors themselves may be directlyapplied to plants (e.g., via abrasive inoculations, mechanized sprayinoculations, vacuum infiltration, particle bombardment, orelectroporation). Alternatively, virions may be prepared (e.g., fromalready infected plants), and may be applied to other plants accordingto known techniques.

As noted above, in particularly preferred embodiments of the presentinvention, viral vectors are applied to sprouts (e.g., throughinfiltration or mechanical inoculation [spray]).

Where infection is to be accomplished by direct application of a viralgenome to a plant, any available technique may be used to prepare thegenome. For example, many viruses that are usefully employed inaccordance with the present invention have ssRNA genomes. ssRNA may beprepared by transcription of a DNA copy of the genome, or by replicationof an RNA copy, either in vivo or in vitro. Given the readilyavailability of easy-to-use in vitro transcription systems (e.g., SP6,T7, reticulocyte lysate, etc.), and also the convenience of maintaininga DNA copy of an RNA vector, it is expected that inventive ssRNA vectorswill often be prepared by in vitro transcription, particularly with T7or SP6 polymerase.

Isolation and/or Formulation of Polynucleotide Expression Products

In many embodiments of the present invention, it will be desirable toisolate polynucleotide expression products from the plant tissues thatexpress them. It may also be desirable to formulate such isolatedproducts for their intended use (e.g., as a pharmaceutical or diagnosticagent, or as a reagent, etc.). In other embodiments, it will bedesirable to formulate the products together with some or all of theplant tissues that express them.

Where it is desirable to isolate the expression product from some or allof the plant tissue that expresses it, any available purificationtechniques may be employed. Those of ordinary skill in the art arefamiliar with a wide range of fractionation and separation procedures(see, for example, Scopes et al., Protein Purification: Principles andPractice, 3^(rd) Ed., Janson et al., Protein Purification: Principles,High Resolution Methods, and Applications, Wiley-VCH, 1998;Springer-Verlag, NY, 1993; Roe, Protein Purification Techniques, OxfordUniversity Press, 2001, each of which is incorporated herein byreference). Often, it will be desirable to render the product more thanabout 50%, preferably more than about 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% pure.

Where it is desirable to formulate the product together with the plantmaterial, it will often be desirable to have utilized a plant that isnot toxic to the relevant recipient (e.g., a human or other animal).Relevant plant tissue (e.g., leaves) may simply be harvested andprocessed according to techniques known in the art, with dueconsideration to maintaining activity of the expressed product. Incertain embodiments of the invention, it is desirable to have expressedthe polynucleotide in an edible plant (and, specifically in edibleportions of the plant) so that the material can subsequently be eaten.For instance, where the polynucleotide encodes a nutritionally relevantprotein, or a therapeutic protein that is active after oral delivery(when properly formulated), it may be desirable to produce the proteinin an edible plant portion, and to formulate the expressedpolynucleotide for oral delivery together with the some or all of theplant material with which the polynucleotide was expressed.

Where the polynucleotide encodes or produces a therapeutic agent, it maybe formulated according to know techniques. For example, an effectiveamount of a pharmaceutically active product can be formulated togetherwith one or more organic or inorganic, liquid or solid, pharmaceuticallysuitable carrier materials. A pharmaceutically active product producedaccording to the present invention may be employed in dosage forms suchas tablets, capsules, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions,capsules, creams, ointments, aerosols, powder packets, liquid solutions,solvents, diluents, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickeningor emulsifying agents, preservatives, and solid bindings, as long as thebiological activity of the protein is not destroyed by such dosage form.

Materials that can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriersinclude, but are not limited to sugars such as lactose, glucose andsucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose andits derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl celluloseand cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc;excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such aspeanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, cornoil and soybean oil; glycols such a propylene glycol; esters such asethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesiumhydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water;isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffersolutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such assodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloringagents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening agents, flavoringagents, and perfuming agents, preservatives, and antioxidants can alsobe present in the composition, according to the judgment of theformulator (see also Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, FifteenthEdition, E. W. martin (Mack Publishing Co., Easton Pa., 1975). Forexample, the polynucleotide expression product may be provided as apharmaceutical composition by means of conventional mixing granulatingdragee-making, dissolving, lyophilizing, or similar processes.

In certain preferred embodiments, it may be desirable to prolong theeffect of a pharmaceutical preparation by slowing the absorption of thepharmaceutically active product (e.g., protein) that is subcutaneouslyor intramuscularly injected. This may be accomplished by the use of aliquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor watersolubility. The rate of absorption of the product then depends upon itsrate of dissolution, which in turn, may depend upon size and form.Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered productis accomplished by dissolving or suspending the product in an oilvehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulematrices of the protein in biodegradable polymers such aspolylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of product topolymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate ofrelease can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymersinclude poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectableformulations may be prepared by entrapping the product in liposomes ormicroemulsions, which are compatible with body tissues.

Enterally administered preparations of pharmaceutically active productsmay be introduced in solid, semi-solid, suspension or emulsion form andmay be compounded with any pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such aswater, suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. The expressionproducts may also be administered by means of pumps or sustained-releaseforms, especially when administered as a preventive measure, so as toprevent the development of disease in a subject or to ameliorate ordelay an already established disease.

Pharmaceutically active products, optionally together with plant tissue,are particularly well suited for oral administration as pharmaceuticalcompositions. Harvested plant material may be processed in any of avariety of ways (e.g., air drying, freeze drying, extraction etc.),depending on the properties of the desired therapeutic product and itsdesired form. In preferred embodiments, such compositions as describedabove are ingested orally alone or ingested together with food or feedor a beverage. Compositions for oral administration include infectedplants; extractions of the infected plants, and proteins purified frominfected plants provided as dry powders, foodstuffs, aqueous ornon-aqueous solvents, suspensions, or emulsions. Examples of non-aqueoussolvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oil, fishoil, and injectable organic esters. Aqueous carriers include water,water-alcohol solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline andbuffered medial parenteral vehicles including sodium chloride solution,Ringer's dextrose solution, dextrose plus sodium chloride solution,Ringer's solution containing lactose or fixed oils. Examples of drypowders include any infected plant biomass that has been dried, forexample, freeze dried, air dried, or spray dried. For example, theplants may be air dried by placing them in a commercial air dryer atabout 120 degrees Fahrenheit until the biomass contains less than 5%moisture by weight. The dried plants may be stored for furtherprocessing as bulk solids or further processed by grinding to a desiredmesh sized powder. Alternatively, freeze-drying may be used for productsthat are sensitive to air-drying. Products may be freeze dried byplacing them into a vacuum drier and dried frozen under a vacuum untilthe biomass contains less than about 5% moisture by weight. The driedmaterial can be further processed as described herein.

Infected plants of the present invention may be administered as ortogether with one or more herbal preparations. Useful herbalpreparations include liquid and solid herbal preparations. Some examplesof herbal preparations include tinctures, extracts (e.g., aqueousextracts, alcohol extracts), decoctions, dried preparations (e.g.,air-dried, spray dried, frozen, or freeze-dried), powders (e.g.,lyophilized powder), and liquid. Herbal preparations can be provided inany standard delivery vehicle, such as a capsule, tablet, suppository,liquid dosage, etc. Those skilled in the art will appreciate the variousformulations and modalities of delivery of herbal preparations that maybe applied to the present invention.

Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that a particularlypreferred method of obtaining the desired pharmaceutically activeproducts is by extraction. Infected plants may be extracted to removethe desired products from the residual biomass, thereby increasing theconcentration and purity of the product. Plants may also be extracted ina buffered solution. For example, the fresh harvested plants may betransferred into an amount of ice-cold water at a ratio of one to one byweight that has been buffered with, e.g., phosphate buffer. Proteaseinhibitors can also be added as required. The plants can be disrupted byvigorous blending or grinding while suspended in the buffer solution andthe extracted biomass removed by filtration or centrifugation. Thetransgene product carried in solution can be further purified byadditional steps or converted to a dry powder by freeze-drying orprecipitation. Extraction can also be carried out by pressing. Liveplants can also be extracted by pressing in a press or by being crushedas they are passed through closely spaced rollers. The fluids expressedfrom the crushed plants are collected and processed according to methodswell known in the art. Extraction by pressing allows the release of theproducts in a more concentrated form. However, the overall yield of theproduct may be lower than if the product were extracted in solution.

Inventive infected plants, extractions, powders, dried preparations andpurified protein products, etc., can also be in encapsulated form withor without one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage formsof tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared withcoatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controllingcoatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulatingart. In such solid dosage forms the active product may be admixed withat least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Suchdosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additionalsubstances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants andother tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystallinecellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage formsmay also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally containopacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release theactive ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of theintestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embeddingcompositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

In other particularly preferred embodiments, an infected plantexpressing a pharmaceutically active product according to the presentinvention, or biomass of an infected plant, is administered orally asmedicinal food. Such edible compositions are consumed by eating raw, ifin a solid form, or by drinking, if in liquid form. In a preferredembodiment, the transgenic plant material is directly ingested without aprior processing step or after minimal culinary preparation. Forexample, the pharmaceutically active protein is expressed in a sprout ofwhich can be eaten directly. For example, the polynucleotide isexpressed in an alfalfa sprout, mung bean sprout, or spinach or lettuceleaf sprout, etc. In an alternative embodiment, the plant biomass isprocessed and the material recovered after the processing step isingested.

Processing methods preferably used in the present invention are methodscommonly used in the food or feed industry. The final products of suchmethods still include a substantial amount of the expressedpharmaceutically active polynucleotide and are preferably convenientlyeaten or drunk. The final product may also be mixed with other food orfeed forms, such as salts, carriers, favor enhancers, antibiotics, andthe like, and consumed in solid, semi-solid, suspension, emulsion, orliquid form. In another preferred embodiment, such methods include aconservation step, such as, e.g., pasteurization, cooking, or additionof conservation and preservation agents. Any plant is used and processedin the present invention to produce edible or drinkable plant matter.The amount of pharmaceutically active polynucleotide expression productin an edible or drinkable sprout preparation may be tested by methodsstandard in the art, e.g., gel electrophoresis, ELISA, or Western blotanalysis, using an antibody specific for the product. This determinationmay be used to standardize the amount of protein ingested. For example,the amount of therapeutically active product in a sprout juicedetermined and regulated, for example, by mixing batches of producthaving different levels of protein so that the quantity of juice to bedrunk to ingest a single dose can be standardized. The contained,regulatable environment of the present invention, however, shouldminimize the need to carry out such standardization procedures.

A pharmaceutically active protein produced in an infected plant andeaten by a host is absorbed by the digestive system. One advantage ofthe ingestion of infected plant tissue that has been only minimallyprocessed, is to provide encapsulation or sequestration of the proteinin cells of the plant. Thus, the protein may receive at least someprotection from digestion in the upper digestive tract before reachingthe gut or intestine and a higher proportion of active would beavailable for uptake.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can beadministered therapeutically or prophylactically. In certain preferredembodiments, the compositions may be used to treat or prevent a disease.For example, any individual who suffers from a disease or who is at riskof developing a disease may be treated. It will be appreciated that anindividual can be considered at risk for developing a disease withouthaving been diagnosed with any symptoms of the disease. For example, ifthe individual has a particular genetic marker identified as beingassociated with increased risk for developing a particular disease, thatindividual will be considered at risk for developing the disease.Similarly, if members of an individual's family have been diagnosed witha particular disease, e.g., cancer, the individual may be considered tobe at risk for developing that disease.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limitedto, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions,suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds,the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in theart such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agentsand emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylcarbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propyleneglycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular,cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils),glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fattyacid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents,the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents,emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfumingagents.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferablysuppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compositions of thisinvention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such ascocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solidat ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore meltin the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active protein.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of apharmaceutical composition of this invention include ointments, pastes,creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches.The active product, or preparation thereof, is admixed under sterileconditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any neededpreservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation,eardrops, and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scopeof this invention. Additionally, the present invention contemplates theuse of transdermal patches, which have the added advantage of providingcontrolled delivery of a pharmaceutically active protein to the body.Such dosage forms can be made by suspending or dispensing thepharmaceutically active product in the proper medium. Absorptionenhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the pharmaceuticallyactive protein across the skin. The rate can be controlled by eitherproviding a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing thepharmaceutically active protein in a polymer matrix or gel.

The compositions are administered in such amounts and for such time asis necessary to achieve the desired result. As described above, incertain embodiments of the present invention a “therapeuticallyeffective amount” of a pharmaceutical composition is that amounteffective for treating, attenuating, or preventing a disease in a host.Thus, the “amount effective to treat, attenuate, or prevent disease”, asused herein, refers to a nontoxic but sufficient amount of thepharmaceutical composition to treat, attenuate, or prevent disease inany host. As but one example, the “therapeutically effective amount” canbe an amount to treat, attenuate, or prevent diabetes.

The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, dependingon the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the stage ofthe disease, the particular pharmaceutical mixture, its mode ofadministration, and the like. The infected plants of the inventionand/or protein preparations thereof are preferably formulated in dosageunit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Theexpression “dosage unit form,” as used herein, refers to a physicallydiscrete unit of pharmaceutically active polynucleotide expressionproduct appropriate for the patient to be treated. It will beunderstood, however, that the total daily usage of the compositions ofthe present invention is preferably decided by an attending physicianwithin the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeuticallyeffective dose level for any particular patient or organism may dependupon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and theseverity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compoundemployed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight,general health, sex of the patient, diet of the patient, pharmacokineticcondition of the patient, the time of administration, route ofadministration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed;the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidentalwith the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in themedical arts.

It will also be appreciated that the pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent invention can be employed in combination therapies, that is, thepharmaceutical compositions can be administered concurrently with, priorto, or subsequent to, one or more other desired therapeutics or medicalprocedures. The particular combination of therapies (therapeutics orprocedures) to employ in a combination regimen will take into accountcompatibility of the desired therapeutics and/or procedures and thedesired therapeutic effect to be achieved. It will also be appreciatedthat the therapies employed may achieve a desired effect for the samedisorder (for example, an inventive compound may be administeredconcurrently with another anti-cancer agent), or they may achievedifferent effects.

EXEMPLIFICATION Example 1 Construction of Inventive Vectors

We have prepared vector systems that include components of twoheterologous plant viruses in order to achieve a system that readilyinfects a wide range of plant types and yet poses little or no risk ofinfectious spread. In certain preferred embodiments, this systemincludes components from Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AlMV) and Tobacco MosaicVirus (TMV).

AlMV is an Alfamovirus, closely related to the Ilarvirus group and is amember of the Bromoviridae family. The genome of AlMV consists of threepositive-sense RNAs (RNAs 1-3) (See Appendix H, which presents accessioncodes for a variety of AlMV genome sequences). RNAs 1 and 2 encodereplicase proteins P1 and P2, respectively; RNA3 encodes thecell-to-cell movement protein P3. A subgenomic RNA, RNA4, is synthesizedfrom RNA3. This subgenomic RNA4 encodes the viral coat protein (CP). CPparticipates in viral genome activation to initiate infection, RNAreplication, viral assembly, viral RNA stability, long-distance movementof viral RNA, and symptom formation. AlMV depends on a functional P3protein for cell-to-cell movement, and requires the CP proteinthroughout infection. Depending on the size of the CP-encapsidated viralRNA, virions of AlMV can vary significantly in size (e.g., 30- to 60-nmin length and 18 nm in diameter) and form (e.g., spherical, ellipsoidal,or bacilliform). The host range of AlMV is remarkably wide and includesthe agriculturally valuable crops alfalfa (Medicago sativa), tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris), potato (Solanum tuberosum), white clover(Trifolium repens) and soybean (Glycine max). Particular susceptiblehost species include, for example, Abelmoschus esculentus, Ageratumconyzoides, Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus retroflexus, Antirrhinummajus, Apium graveolens, Apium graveolens var. rapaceum, Arachishypogaea, Astragalus glycyphyllos, Beta vulgaris, Brassica campestrisssp. rapa, Calendula officinalis, Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens,Caryopteris incana, Catharanthus roseus, Celosia argentea, Cheiranthuscheiri, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium amaranticolor, Chenopodiummurale, Chenopodium quinoa, Cicer arietinum, Cichorium endiva,Coriandrum sativum, Crotalaria spectabilis, Cucumis melo, Cucumissativus, Cucurbita pepo, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Daucus carota (var.sativa), Dianthus barbatus, Dianthus caryophyllus, Emilia sagittata,Fagopyrum esculentum, Gomphrena globosa, Helianthus annuus, Lablabpurpureus, Lathyrus odoratus, Lens culinaris, Linum usitatissimum,Lupinus albus, Macroptilium lathyroides, Malva parviflora, Matthiolaincana, Medicago hispida, Melilotus albus, Nicotiana bigelovii,Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana debneyi, Nicotiana glutinosa, Nicotianamegalosiphon, Nicotiana rustica, Nicotiana sylvestris, Nicotianatabacum, Ocimum basilicum, Petunia x hybrida, Phaseolus lunatus,Philadelphus, Physalis floridana, Physalis peruviana, Phytolaccaamericana, Pisum sativum, Solanum demissum, Solanum melongena, Solanumnigrum, Solanum nodiflorum, Solanum rostratum, Sonchus oleraceus,Spinacia oleracea, Stellaria media, Tetragonia tetragonioides, Trifoliumdubium, Trifolium hybridum, Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium pratense,Trifolium subterraneum, Tropaeolum majus, Viburnum opulus, Viciafaba,Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis,and Zinnia elegans.

TMV is the type member of the tobamovirus group. Tobamoviruses havesingle-(+)-stranded RNA genomes, and produce rod-shaped virionsconsisting of the RNA genome and coat protein (CP) polypeptides.Tobamovirus genomes encode 4-5 polypeptides. Two of the polypeptides aretranslated from the same 5′-proximal initiation codon and function inviral replication. These polypeptides include an RNA-dependent RNApolymerase. In addition, polypeptides having methyltransferase and RNAhelicase activity are typically encoded. The other encoded proteinstypically include a movement protein and the coat protein, each of whichis translated from a separate subgenomic RNA. Representative examples oftobamovirus genomes are depicted in FIG. 1.

The TMV genome is 6395 nucleotides long and is encapsidated with a 17.5kD CP, which produces 300 nm-long rods. In addition to CP, TMV has threenonstructural proteins: 183 and 126 kD proteins are translated fromgenomic RNA and are required for viral replication. The 30 kD movementprotein provides for the transfer of viral RNA from cell-to-cell. Arepresentative list of accession codes for TMV genome sequenceinformation is included as FIG. 2; Appendices B-F show sequencealignments for the tobamovirus helicase, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (areplicase), movement protein, coat protein, and methyltransferase genes,respectively, from various tobamoviruses. Plant species susceptible toinfection with TMV include Beta vulgaris, Capsicum frutescens,Chenopodium amaranticolor, Chenopodium hybridum, Chenopodium quinoa,Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Datura stramonium,Lactuca sativa, Lucopersicon esculentum, Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium,Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana bigelovii, Nicotiana clevelandii,Nicotiana debneyi, Nicotiana glutinosa, Nicotiana rustica, Nicotianasylvestris, Nicotiana tabacum, Papaver nudicaule, Phaseolus vulgaris,Physalis floridana, Physalis peruviana, and Solanum tuberosum.

According to certain embodiments of the present invention, areplication-competent version of either the AlMV or the TMV is generatedthat lacks long distance mobility but includes a polynucleotide to beexpressed in plant tissues, preferably under control of the CP promoter(e.g., in place of the CP gene, so that CP is not functional) as theproducer vector. If plants are inoculated with this vector alone, itsinfection is limited to local tissues (i.e., to cells within theinitially infected leaf).

This replication-competent producer vector is administered together witha separate carrier vector bearing a functional CP. Preferably,transcripts of these two vectors are mixed with one another and aremechanically applied to plant leaves. In other embodiments of theinvention described in the detailed description, the carrier vector isincompetent for replication so that no systemic infection results. Theproducer vector replicates and provides replicase for trans-replicationof the replication-defective carrier vector. Replication of (infectionwith) the producer vector results in the production of thepolynucleotide expression product. Replication of the carrier vectorprovides CP, which supports the movement of both vectors into the upperun-inoculated leaves. Preferably, integration of the vectors into thehost genome is avoided, so that transgenic plants are not produced, andthe risk that genetic alterations are introduced into the environment isminimized.

We have constructed a vector based on the Tobacco Mosaic Virus that isadapted for insertion of a polynucleotide of interest to generate aproducer vector according to the present invention. Specifically, wehave generated vectors that are deficient in CP production (see FIGS. 8and 11; vector D4 is represented with a generic polynucleotide inserted;vector SR-27 and related vectors are derived from D4 as describedfurther in Example 4). We have demonstrated that infection with suchvectors is limited to locally inoculated leaves. These vectors dependsupon a second vector for systemic movement.

We have used a protoplast system to test vector replication,replication-dependent stability, and efficacy of protein production. Wehave also inoculated Nicotiana benthamiana plants to test the cell-tocell movement and stability of the vector, and have demonstratedsystemic infection when this vector is administered together with a wildtype AlMV vector including an AlMV CP gene.

An AlMV-based vector referred to as Av/A4, which contains a functionalAlMV coat protein gene, has been constructed. As shown in FIG. 5, wehave established a tobacco protoplast system and tested the componentsof this vector. Depicted is a Western blot showing accumulation of viruscoat protein, indicating infection of protoplasts and verifying that weare able to reliably detect expression of CP in our protoplast system.

As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, we have successfully infected two host plantspecies, Nicotiana benthamiana and pepper plants. FIG. 6 shows theinfected plants; FIG. 7 shows a Western blot of upper leaves (notinitially infected) analyzed 12 days after inoculation. AlMV CP proteinis readily detectable, indicating that we are able to reliably detectexpression of CP in infected plant hosts.

Example 2 Expression of a Polynucleotide Encoding Human Growth Hormone

FIG. 8 shows two TMV-based vectors, 125C and D4, that were engineered toaccept insertion of a polynucleotide of interest, following insertion ofthe polynucleotide (indicated as “foreign gene”). 125C includes TMV coatprotein sequences (i.e. sequences extending downstream from nucleotide5757 of the TMV genome) that contain a cis element that may be requiredfor optimal replication. We inserted the gene for human growth hormone(hGH) into each of these vectors between the Pac1 and Xho1 sites. An AUGwas introduced in the 5′ primer used to amplify the gene from a plasmid,and the amino acids KDEL were introduced at the 3′ end of the codingsequence in order to enhance translation due to retention in the ER. HGHwas cloned with and without its native leader sequence; hGH2 lacks theleader and hGH4 includes the leader.

Primer SR22 (5′-CCG TTAATTAATG TTC CCA ACT ATT CCA) was used to clonehGH without its leader, and introducing a Pac1 site at the 5′ end;primer SR23 (5′-CCG TTAATTAATG GCA ACT GGA TCA AGG) was used to clonehGH with its leader. Primer SR24 (5′-CGG CTC GAG TTA AAA ACC ACA TGA)was used to clone the hGH gene without KDEL and introducing a Xho1 siteat the 3′ end; primer SR25 (5′-CGG CTC GAG TTC ATC TTT AAA ACC TGA TCC)was used to clone the gene with KDEL.

In vitro transcripts of the 125C vector constructs including hGH wereprepared by linearizing approximately 20 ug of DNA in 100 uL volume.Extent of linearization was assessed by gel electrophoresis of a 2 uLsample. Linearized DNA was cleaned using a PCT purification kit, fromwhich it was eluted in 50 uL. A transcription mix was prepared in a 25uL volume with 2.5 uL of 10×T7 buffer, 2.5 uL of 100 mM DTT, 0.5 uL ofRNAsin (Promega), 1.25 uL NTP mix (20 mM A, C, U; 2 mM G;Pharmacia-Amersham); 1.25 uL Cap (5 mM diguanosine triphosphate;Pharmacia-Amersham), and 4 uL 25 mM MgCl₂. The mixture was warmed to 37°C. for 1 minute. 1.5-2 ug DNA were added in 12 uL of water, and thecombination was warmed at 37° C. for 2 minutes. 1 uL of T7 polymerase(50 U/uL; New England Biolabs) was added, and the reaction wereincubated for 15 minutes. 2 ul of 12.5 mM GTP were added by touching thetip of a pipette to the liquid (do not pipette up and down). Thereaction was incubated at 37° C. for 1 h 15 minutes. A 2.5 uL aliquotwas visualized on a gel; the remainder was frozen.

The resulting constructs were tested in both a protoplast system and inintact plants. Tobacco protoplasts were inoculated with each the varioustranscripts via electroporation (i.e., plants were inoculated withtranscripts from individual constructs, not with a combination ofdifferent transcripts). Plant leaves were inoculated by diluting thetranscription reaction through addition of 25 uL water and 50 uL FES.Plants were dusted with carborundum powder that acts as an abrasive. 25uL aliquots of the transcription reaction/FES solution were then gentlyrubbed on the surface of each of two leaves. The plants were thenmaintained in the growth room at 21° C. under 12 hour light and 12 hourdark conditions.

Nicotiana tabacum suspension protoplasts were harvested at two timepoints: 24 and 48 hours post inoculation, so that each aliquot contained500,000 protoplasts. Approximately 2 million protoplasts were used perinoculation of 25 uL transcript. The protoplasts were pelleted bycentrifugation and the pellet was resuspended in 50 uL buffer (a mixtureof Bradley's protein extraction buffer and Laemmli loading buffer). Thesamples (10 uL) were analyzed by PAGE followed by Western blothybridization analysis using antiserum to hGH from chicken andanti-chicken IgG conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. Standard hGH wasrun as a standard. NBT-BCIP was used to develop the blots. FIG. 7 showsthe results of the experiment.

The results indicate that a higher yield of hGH was obtained fromtobacco suspension protoplasts at 24 h than at 48 h post inoculation.The position of the band corresponding to hGH from infected protoplastsindicates a slightly higher molecular weight than standard hGH. Thiscould be due to the KDEL sequence attached to the 3′ end of the hGHprotein.

Nicotiana benthamiana plants were also inoculated with in vitrotranscripts, and the plants were monitored for production of hGH. Nosignal specific to the protein could be detected at 5 dpi, although at11 dpi we could detect a signal for hGH in the upper leaves ofinoculated plants (FIG. 8).

Example 3 Transient Expression of a Human Insulin Transgene

We have made constructs to express insulin and proinsulin in plantsusing our plant virus-based transient expression vectors D4 and 125C.The following primers were used to clone proinsulin into 125C and D4,relying on Pac1 and Xho1 sites for cloning, and adding KDEL at the 3′,end of each peptide:

-   1) Pac1 site at 5′ end of insulin ORF (B peptide): SR30 5′-ccg tta    att aatg ttt gtt aat caa cat-3′ (SEQ ID NO:5)-   2) Xho1 site at 3′ end of A peptide with KDEL SR31 5′-cgg ctc gag    tca gag ttc atc gtt aca gta gtt ctc aag-3′ (SEQ ID NO:6)

Example 4 Co-Infection and Cross-Complementation of Viral Vectors

This example demonstrates that a coat protein defective TMV-basedexpression vector can be complemented by an AlMV vector that supplies CPin trans.

D4C3GFP is a TMV-based expression vector that is deficient in CPproduction (Shivprasad et al., 1999: TTT-GFP) as a result of deletion ofthe TMV CP coding region and the its replacement with the C3GFP gene,which is placed under the control of the TMVCP subgenomic promoter (seeFIG. 9 b). The C3GFP gene was recloned into D4 by overlapping PCR toeliminate the Nco1 and Xho1 sites in the C3GFP nucleotide sequence tofacilitate further cloning steps. A polylinker PstI-NotI-XhoI wasintroduced at the 3′end of C3GFP gene. The PCR product digested withPacI-XhoI was cloned into D4 resulting in the version of D4C3GFP shownin FIG. 9 c.

The primers we used to modify the C3GFP gene and eliminate Nco1 and Xho1sites are:

1) C3GFP.Pac1.For(N) GGGAG.ATCTTLAATTA.ATGGC.TAGCA.AAGGA.GAAGA.A 36 nt(SEQ ID NO:7) 2) C3GFP.Xho1.Rev(N)CCCCT.CGAGC.GGCCG.CTGCA.GTTAT.TTGTA.GAGCT. 45 nt CATCC.ATGCC (SEQ IDNO:8) 3) C3GFP.Nco1.For GTTCC.CTGGC.CAACA.CTTGT.CAC 23 nt (SEQ ID NO:9)4) C3GFP.Nco1.Rev TAGTG.ACAAG.TGTTG.GCCAG.GG 22 nt (SEQ ID NO:10) 5)C3GFP.Xho1.For GGACA.CAAAC.TGGAG.TACAA.CTATA 25 nt (SEQ ID NO:11) 6)C3GFP.Xho1.Rev AGTTA.TAGTT.GTACT.CCAGT.TTGTG 25 nt (SEQ ID NO:12) 7)(BgIII)-PacI >AUG...HindIII...NcoI...NdeI...BsrGI...MluI...XhoI...BamHI...MfeI(MunI)...SalI...SacI...TAA< PstI...NotI...XhoI

Three constructs that contained full-length or portions of the3′-untranslated region (3′ UTR) of AlMV RNA3 were then generated. Ineach of these constructs, sequences encoding C3GFP under control of thesubgenomic TMV CP promoter were present upstream of AlMV RNA3 3′-UTRsequences (either full-length or a portion of the UTR), to allow us toprecisely identify the sequences of the AlMV RNA3 3′ UTR required forassembly and movement of TMV genomic RNA (either in trans or in cis).The RNA3 sequences were inserted between the Not1 and XhoI sites of thenew D4C3GFP vector as Not1-Sal1 fragments, resulting in the constructsSR25 (nts 1859-1941 of RNA3), SR26 (nts. 1859-1969 of RNA3) and SR27(nts. 1859-2037 of RNA3, i.e., the entire 3′ UTR) (FIG. 9 d). Inaddition to sequences from the AlMV RNA3 3′ UTR, SR25, SR26, and SR27also include sequences from the TMV 3′ UTR (i.e., the UTR from the TMVgenomic transcript) downstream of the inserted AlMV sequences. Thesesequences are TMV nucleotides 6192-6395, as in the D4 construct. TheTMV-based viruses (SR25, SR26, and SR27) are defective in long-distancemovement because the TMV coat protein is essential for effectivephloem-mediated long distance transport and systemic infection of TMV.

The primers used to generate D4-based constructs with AlMV RNA3 3′-UTRsequences were:

-   1) SR-52 5′ primer with Xho1-Pst1 sites at nt 1859 (plus sense)    5′-CCGCTCGAGCTGCAGTGTACCCCATTAATTTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:13)-   2) SR-53 3′ primer at nt 1941 of AlMV RNA3 with Not1-Sal1 sites:    minus sense 5′-CGGGTCGACGCGGCCGCGAATAGGACTTCATACCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:14)-   3) SR-54 3′ primer with Not1-Sal 1 sites at nt 1969 of AlMV RNA3:    minus sense 5′-CGGGTCGACGCGGCCGCAATATGAAGTCGATCCTA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:15)-   4) SR-55 3′ primer with Not1-Sal 1 sites at nt 2037 (minus sense)    5′-CGGGTCGACGCGGCCGCGCATCCCTTAGGGGCATT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16).

The resulting plasmids were then transcribed using T7 polymerase and thein vitro transcripts used to inoculate Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Invitro transcripts of SR25, SR26, SR27, and a wild type AlMV constructwere prepared by linearizing approximately 20 ug of DNA in 100 uLvolume. Extent of linearization was assessed by gel electrophoresis of a2 uL sample. Linearized DNA was cleaned using a PCT purification kit,from which it was eluted in 50 uL. A transcription mix was prepared in a25 uL volume with 2.5 uL of 10×T7 buffer, 2.5 uL of 100 mM DTT, 0.5 uLof RNAsin (Promega), 1.25 uL NTP mix (20 mM A, C, U; 2 mM G;Pharmacia-Amersham); 1.25 uL Cap (5 mM diguanosine triphosphate;Pharmacia-Amersham), and 4 uL 25 mM MgCl₂. The mixture was warmed to 37°C. for 1 minute. 1.5-2 ug DNA were added in 12 uL of water, and thecombination was warmed at 37° C. for 2 minutes. 1 uL of T7 polymerase(50 U/uL; New England Biolabs) was added, and the reaction was incubatedfor 15 minutes (SR25, SR26, SR27 constructs) or 2 hours (AlMVconstruct). 2 ul of 12.5 mM GTP were added by touching the tip of apipette to the liquid (do not pipette up and down). The reaction wasincubated at 37° C. for 1 h 15 minutes (SR25, SR26, SR27 constructs) or30 minutes (AlMV construct). A 2.5 uL aliquot was visualized on a gel;the remainder was frozen.

Plant leaves were inoculated with SR25, SR26, or SR27 by diluting thetranscription reaction through addition of 25 uL water and 50 uL FES.Plants were dusted with carborundum powder that acts as an abrasive. 25uL aliquots of the transcription reaction/FES solution were then gentlyrubbed on the surface of each of two leaves. The plants were thenmaintained in the growth room at 21° C. under 12 hour light and 12 hourdark conditions.

Two weeks post inoculation, when SR25, SR26, SR27 had spread in theinoculated leaves, which was visualized by exposing the plants tolong-wave ultraviolet light (366 nm), the same leaves were inoculatedwith wild type AlMV transcripts as described for the TMV-based vectors.

Two weeks post infection with AlMV, diffuse GFP fluorescence could beobserved in upper leaves of plants infected with SR27 and AlMV but notwith SR25 or SR26 and AlMV. FIG. 10 a shows a picture of a plant thatwas co-inoculated with SR27 and AlMV. The image (taken under UV light)demonstrates spread of virus into the upper un-inoculated leaves.Fluorescence is caused by the accumulation of GFP. FIG. 10 c shows thesame plant as in FIG. 10 a, under normal light. FIG. 10 b (taken underUV light) shows a picture of a plant that was inoculated with SR27 only.Lack of fluorescence in the upper leaves indicates that virus infectionwas limited to locally inoculated leaves. These results indicate thatthe CP-deficient TMV-based virus (SR27) containing the GFP transgenemoved through the phloem into the upper leaves with the help of AlMV.Generally (e.g., in the absence of trans-complementation from anothervirus) D4C3GFP only moves into the major veins of the upper leaves 40-45d.p.i., and SR27 requires similar or even longer periods of time to moveinto the upper leaves in this system. This result indicates that AlMVcan be used as a source for the coat protein that will complement andallow movement of a viral vector that is deficient in one or more coatprotein components systemically and provide expression of foreignproteins, including complex proteins such as antibodies. Thecomplementing CP components can be from related (other alfamoviruses,ilarviruses, bromoviruses) or unrelated viruses (TMV, CMV, etc.)

Constructs related to SR27 but containing the hGH gene (described abovein Example 2) instead of the gene encoding GFP have also been generatedand are in the process of being tested.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specificembodiments of the invention described herein. The scope of the presentinvention is not intended to be limited to the above Description, butrather is as set forth in the following claims.

1. A producer vector comprising (a) one or more components of a tobacco mosaic virus; and (b) a polynucleotide of interest, wherein the vector is defective for cell-to-cell movement or systemic movement, and wherein the vector comprises at least one polynucleotide encoding a replicase protein of a plant virus and comprises sufficient non-coding portions to allow self-replication.
 2. A producer vector comprising (a) one or more components of an alfalfa mosaic virus; and (b) a polynucleotide of interest, wherein the vector is defective for cell-to-cell movement or systemic movement, and wherein the vector comprises at least one polynucleotide encoding a replicase protein of a plant virus and comprises sufficient non-coding portions to allow self-replication.
 3. The producer vector of claim 1 or 2, wherein the vector is defective for both cell-to-cell movement and systemic movement.
 4. A method of expressing a polynucleotide of interest comprising: (a) introducing the vector of claim 3 into a plant or plant cell; (b) maintaining the plant cell or plant cell under conditions and for a time sufficient that the polynucleotide is expressed.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a pharmaceutical protein of interest.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the method comprises steps of: (a) introducing a second vector into the plant or plant cell, wherein the second vector, or both, comprises a gene that encodes a replicase protein; (b) maintaining the plant or plant cell under conditions and for a time sufficient that the polynucleotide is expressed in at least some plant cells.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the second vector comprises a polynucleotide of interest, the method comprising steps of: maintaining the plant or plant cell under conditions and for a time sufficient that the polynucleotide of the second vector is expressed in at least some plant cells.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the second vector comprises a gene that encodes a replicase protein.
 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the first and second polypeptides are polypeptide chains of a multimeric protein.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the first and second polypeptides encode therapeutically active proteins.
 11. The producer vector of claim 1 or 2, wherein the polynucleotide of interest encodes a pharmaceutical protein of interest.
 12. A method of expressing a polynucleotide of interest comprising: (a) introducing the vector of claim 1 or 2 into a plant cell; (b) maintaining the plant cell under conditions and for a time sufficient that the polynucleotide is expressed. 